Aldgate Pump - Semiotics of Power and degradation -

Although "Historic Landscape Characterisation" deals in zones. areas and types, there is  an argument that places and landmarks are essential to identity. One such is Aldgate Pump, which for East Enders marks the transition from the poverty and squalor of the historic East End (now much cleaned up but still predominantly poor) to the super-rich "casino" of rentier capitalism, The City of London, even though it sits some distance within the City's modern boundaries.... Profound social contrasts mark this transition. It is every much a barrier as Hausmann's boulevards in Paris - that sparked the response of a psychogeographic drift (Dérive)

Guy Debord, Guide Pychogéographique de Paris

The history of the pump underlines its psychological role in separating the districts with wealth and power - from those that don't. It could be seen as a profound sign  in a semiotic dualism defining the sets of power/wealth/health/organisation/legitimacy from those of impotence/poverty/poverty/disease/disorganisation

“East of Aldgate Pump, people cared for nothing but drink, vice and crime.”

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The following is reproduced from http://spitalfieldslife.com/2011/03/09/the-pump-of-death/

The Pump of Death

See these people come and go at the junction of Fenchurch St and Leadenhall St in the City of London in 1927. Observe the boy idling in the flat cap. They all seem unaware they are in the presence of the notorious “Pump of Death” – that switched to mains supply fifty years earlier in 1876, when the water began to taste strange and was found to contain liquid human remains which had seeped into the underground stream from cemeteries.

Several hundred people died in the resultant Aldgate Pump Epidemic as a result of drinking polluted water – though this was obviously a distant memory by the nineteen twenties when Whittard’s tea merchants used to “always get the kettles filled at the Aldgate Pump so that only the purest water was used for tea tasting.”

Yet before it transferred to a supply from the New River Company of Islington, the spring water of the Aldgate Pump was appreciated by many for its abundant health-giving mineral salts, until – in an unexpectedly horrific development – it was discovered that the calcium in the water had leached from human bones.

This bizarre phenomenon quickly entered popular lore, so that a bouncing cheque was referred to as “a draught upon Aldgate Pump,” and in rhyming slang “Aldgate Pump” meant to be annoyed – “to get the hump.” The terrible revelation confirmed widespread morbid prejudice about the East End, of which Aldgate Pump was a landmark defining the beginning of the territory. The “Pump of Death” became emblematic of the perceived degradation of life in East London and it was once declared with superlative partiality that “East of Aldgate Pump, people cared for nothing but drink, vice and crime.”

Today this sturdy late-eighteenth century stone pump stands sentinel as the battered reminder of a former world, no longer functional, and lost amongst the traffic and recent developments of the modern City. No-one notices it anymore and its fearsome history is almost forgotten, despite the impressive provenance of this dignified ancient landmark, where all mileages East of London are calculated. Even in the old photographs you can trace how the venerable pump became marginalised, cut down and ultimately ignored.

Aldgate Well was first mentioned in the thirteenth century – in the reign of King John – and referred to by sixteenth century historian, John Stowe, who described the execution of the Bailiff of Romford on the gibbet “near the well within Aldgate.” In “The Uncommercial Traveller,”Charles Dickens wrote, “My day’s business beckoned me to the East End of London, I had turned my face to that part of the compass… and had got past Aldgate Pump.” And before the “Pump of Death” incident, Music Hall composer Edgar Bateman nicknamed “The Shakespeare of Aldgate Pump,” wrote a comic song in celebration of Aldgate Pump – including the lyric line “I never shall forget the gal I met near Aldgate Pump…”

The pump was first installed upon the well head in the sixteenth century, and subsequently replaced in the eighteenth century by the gracefully tapered and rusticated Portland stone obelisk that stands today with a nineteenth century gabled capping. The most remarkable detail to survive to our day is the elegant brass spout in the form of a wolf’s head – still snarling ferociously in a vain attempt to maintain its “Pump of Death” reputation – put there to signify the last of these creatures to be shot outside the City of London.

In the photo from 1927,  you can see two metal drinking cups that have gone now, leaving just the stubs where the chains attaching them were fixed. Tantalisingly, the brass button that controls the water outlet is still there, yet, although it is irresistible to press it, the water ceased flowing in the last century. A drain remains beneath the spout where the stone is weathered from the action of water over centuries and there is an elegant wrought iron pump handle – enough details to convince me that the water might return one day.

Looking towards Aldgate.

The water head, reputed to be an image of the last wolf shot in London.

The pump was closed in 1876 and the outlet switched to mains water supply.

Archive photographs copyright © Bishopsgate Institute

Walking the Dead – following old funeral roads, in the Midlands, Stepney and in the Comeragh Mountains

I have no idea of the extent of traditional funeral routes in the UK and Ireland.. I do know one of the oldest and most persistent superstitions is that any land over which a corpse is carried becomes a public right of way.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpse_road  -- and so my dad believed was the origin of the right of way along the east side of Ridgehill Wood, Kingswinford

click on http://binged.it/16jdR8a for ordnance survey map with Rights of Way added

From thew depths of my memory - I can recall that speculation that the path that lay across fields from St Mary's Whitechapel to St Dunstan's Stepney was one such traditional funeral route (although St Mary Matfelon also had a burial ground). Subsequently it has become the road "Stepney Way".

Possible coffin route from Aldgate and Whitechapel to St Dunstan's Stepney

below is an item taken from http://sherpamick-thecomeraghs.blogspot.ie/2013/06/walking-dead-following-old-funeral-road.html

Funerals are no fun, it's a serious business. A few generations ago going to a funeral in the Nire or anywhere in the Comeragh Mountains was a commitment of at least one day or more. The Nire did not have a church until 1862 and the graveyard did not come into common use until 1926, thus up to the late 1920s the natives from the Nire were buried in Rathgormack, six miles away across the Comeragh Mountain and across the mountain is the way they went. The funeral path went from the Nire to Rathgormack passing through the Gap along the route called Bóithrín na Sochraide (The funeral road).  It is by no means unique but it is still traveled by walkers today. In a mid 18th century the road was engineered as part of famine relief works (this was a famine that occurred before the great famine of 1845) and parts of the engineering are still visible today especially as you approach the Gap on the Nire side.
The coffin was “shouldered” carried on long poles and along the way there were places where the coffin was placed on a large boulder and everyone took a rest, one such boulder exists on the Nire side called Cloch an Choirp (The body rock). After a rest the funeral proceeded to the Gap, here some mourners would have headed back to the Nire while others from Rathgormack would have waited to join the cortege. The burial took place in Rathgormack and the poles for carrying the coffin were left in the cemetery. The last funeral went through the gap sometime around 1930, a localised outbreak of influenza in 1926 saw three members of one family die in the space of one week and all three were buried in the grounds of the Nire Church and from then on more and more locals were buried in the Nire.
The Funeral path today makes an interesting walking route you can choose to walk from the Nire just to the Gap or continue all the way to Rathgormack. Why not head for the Nire this week end and follow the Green Arrows that will bring you along the way from the Nire Car-park to the Gap.

North-South social divide in England and East London.A historical perpective

in 1841 the largest proportion of working age men in emi-skilled and unskilled  occupations in England was below a line drawn between the Wash and Severn, predominantly they were agricultural labourers

by 2001 they were concentrated north of Coventry, after industry had been devastated by successive government policies

However...

 The East London Boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham had larger concentrations of semi- and unskilled male workers in 2001

whereas in 1841, you had to go east of the river Lea to find a similar percentage of low- and unskilled labour, and they would have mainly been agricultural labourers

Info from http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/

Georgian Squares of London + DUBLIN SQUARES CONFERENCE 2013

London and Dublin are cities of Georgian Squares. They share attributes that neither share with the industrial cities of northern England. Theirs is a mercantile, colonial and imperialist, and political past...

from  http://www.georgianindex.net/London/squares/l_square.html

"If you wish to have a just notion of the magnitude of this city, you must not be satisfied with seeing its great streets and squares, but must survey the innumerable little lanes and courts."--Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)

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Bedford Square

Name	Trade	Number	Description	Year
Joseph May	Merchant	4, Bedford-square, Bloomsbury		•
Recordon & Dupont	Watchmakers	3, Bedford-street Bedford-square		•
Joseph Warner, junior	Merchant	22, Gower-street		•
R. Shedden, Esq.	Merchant	35, Gower-street		•
John Pasley	Merchant	66, Gower-street		•
Francis-Henry Tyler	Merchant	67, Gower-street		•
Crawford & Loraine	Timber Merchants	Store street		•

Berkeley Square

The Square was laid out in 1730's. It was named for Lord Berkeley of Stratton, a Royalist commander in the Civil War.The north end of the Square was left open to preserve the view from Berkeley House (later Devonshire House). Thirty some large Maples were planted in the central garden in 1789. The popular Gunter's Tea Shop located at 7 & 8 must have generated traffic on warm afternoons.

Berkeley Square Addresses

Bloomsbury Square

Upon its construction this square was called Southhampton Square, after the Earl who built it in 1665. In 1700 the Duke of Bedford took Southhampton house on the North side of the Square. Bedford developed the grounds in 1800. Repton laid out the gardens and James Burton built the homes. There are many book sellers and cabinet makers to the Southeast part of the square. No. 45 was the family home to the Earl's of Chesterfield. Issac D'Israeli lived at No. 6 from 1817-1829.
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Bridgewater Square

After a fire that destroyed the Earl of Bridgewater's home in 1688 Sir Christopher Wren and George Jackson purchased the land and developed this small square on the East side of Aldersgate. It was surrounded by a tree hedge.

Name	Trade	Number	Description	Year
James Upjohn	Watchmaker	1		•
John Jackson	Watchmaker	2		•
B. Bayley & Son	Watchmakers	3		•
John Brooks	Clock & Watchmaker	4		•
William Turner & Sons	Refiners & Smelters	6		•

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Cavendish Square

Was laid out by John Prince for the 2nd Earl of Oxford. It was the first development on his estate and was named for the Earl's wife Henrietta Cavendish-Hollace. Construction began in 1717, but was held up by the South Sea Bubble. Oxford street was built to stimulate the leasing of lots and construction of houses.

Cavendish Square Addresses

Charterhouse Square

Constructed between 1700-1775 consists primarily of Georgian brick houses. This Square is located near Smithfield. Thackery boarded there as a schoolboy.

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Name	Trade	Address	Personal Associations	Other inhabitants	Year
John Campbell, Esq.	Merchant	4			•
John-William Anderson, Esq.		5	Alderman, Agent & Commissary for the City of Dantzig		•
George Bague	Merchant	28			•
John-William Anderson, Esq. & Co.	Merchants	33			•
Samuel Drewe	Merchant	33			•
Thomas Roberts, senior	Broker	37			•
Thomas Roberts, junior	Broker	39			•
Rutland House
			Venetian Ambassadors
Charter House

Devonshire Square

Built upon grounds of Devonshire House. It is in Bishopsgate near Liverpool St. Nicholas Barbon developed the land in 1675. Between 1678-1708 the Square and a new Quaker meeting house were built.

Devonshire Square Addresses

Finsbury

A rectangular Square with City Road on the East side. It was an attempt to create a West End type atmosphere in the City. George Dance the younger designed the Square, and it was constructed 1777-1792. From 1778-1798 James Lackington the bookseller had a shop in the southeast corner of the Square called "TheTemple of the Muses." It had 140 feet of frontage and in the center of the shop was a huge circular counter around which it was said a coach and six could have been driven. There was a flagpole from which a flag was flown when the owner was in residence. The shop was considered a London sight.

Finsbury Square Addresses

Gough Square

The Square, which lies North of Fleet St, was built on land owned by Sir Richard Gough, a wool merchant who was knighted after his trade in India prospered. Dr Johnson lived at No. 17 for 10 years until 1759. Hugh Kelly, the dramatist and author also lived there until 1777.

Golden Square

Built 1670-1700 on land once known as Gelding's Close. At first it was extremely fashionable. Barbara Villiers the Duchess of Cleveland lived there 1705-07, James Bridges, 1st Duke of Chandos lived there 1700-10, Henry St John Viscount Bollingbrook was in residence 1702-14. By 1720 the Square was graveled and entirely inhabited by gentry. After 1750, the aristocrats moved on to Mayfair. Then foreigners took over the residences for homes and embassies.

Golden Square Addresses

Grosvenor Square

Built between 1725-1731 at the center of the Grosvenor estate. It is the 2nd largest Square in London. The average cost of homes originally built there was the amazing sum of 7,500 pounds--at a time when a time when a farm laborer received less than 40 pence, there are 240 pence per pound, per day during the high demand harvest season. Naturally the majority of the original residents were titled. The area came to be called Little America because John Quincy Adams lived there while he was the American ambassador to Britian.

Grosvenor Square Addresses

Hanover Square

Bounded by Oxford St. on the north, Regent St. on the east, on South and West by the backs of the houses on Conduit and New Bond Streets. The square was located at the center of Millfield Close Estate. Development began after the accession of George I in 1714. The Whig magnate Lt. General the Earl of Scarborough began this first of the great Mayfair Squares. The Church of St. George, built on St George St., was immediately fashionable. Retired Generals and other persons of distinction inhabited the homes in the square. Learned societies and clubs moved in as it became less fashionable. Robert Adam remodeled No. 13 Roxburghe House, in 1776, for the 3rd Duke of Roxburghe who was famous for his book collection. The Lascelles family later owned the house, so it became known as Harewood House.

Hanover Square Addresses

Leicester Square

Robert Sidney, 2nd Earl of Leicester, acquired the land on which this square was built in the 1670's. Leicecter House on the North side was completed in 1635. Houses were modeled on those in Pall Mall. Earls of Ailesburry, Sunderland, Rockingham, Scarsdale, Westmorland, and Deloraine lived there. In 1782 Gedge opened a Linen Drapers shop with one of the first large shopfront windows. Hogarth lived at No. 30 where he drew Rake's Progress. Joshua Reynolds lived in No. 47 from 1760-1792. Dr. Johnson and Fanny Burney were frequent visitors there. The area became less fashionable by 1800 when craftsmen moved in.

Leicester Square Addresses

Lincoln Inns Fields

The largest Square in London developed over two common fields. Pursefield and Cupsfield were former playfields for students. After several attempts to build in the area in 1630 William Newton was finally granted the right to build on the sight when he assured the crown he could increase the annual income from the land to more than the sum of 5pounds 6s 8d it collected in rents at that time. By 1641, Newton had built 32 houses around the Square. While the area was fashionable, it was plagued by fights and robberies. Residents included: Edward Montagu the 1st Earl of Sandwich, 2nd and 3rd Lords Coventry, Thomas Pelham-Holles Duke of Newcastle, Robert Sidney 2nd Earl of Licester, Robert Bertie 1st Earl of Lindsey at no. 59-60 built in 1640 by Inigo Jones, the Duchess of Portsmouth, Willaim Pitt's chambers in 1778, and Charles Beauclerk 1st Duke of St. Albans who was the son of Nell Gwen and Charles II's.

Lincolns Inn Fields Addresses

Manchester Square

A small Square laid out 1776-1788 named for the Duke of Manchester who was the first owner of Hertford House.

Montagu Square

Brick Houses designed by David Parkinson and built by David Porter in 1811. A twin of Bryanston Square.

Portman Square

Built 1674-1684 on the land of Henry William Portman. Montagu House at the northwest corner was built by James Stuart for Mrs. Elizabeth Montagu. She used to give a roast beef and plum pudding dinner for chimney-sweeps and their apprentices on Mayday. One of them, David Porter, grew up to be a builder and named Montagu square in her honor. No. 20 Home House was built by Robert Adam 1773-7.

Portman Square

Name	Address	Personal Associations	Other inhabitants	Style	Year
	20			Adam	1773-1777

At Portman Square

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Name	Address	Personal Associations	Other inhabitants	Style	Year
Name	Number	Trade	Description	Year
John Sawbridge Esquare	Cavendish street	Alderman		•
Peter Fallon	9 Edward street	Hatter		•
William Hawkins	10 Edward street	Oilman & Salter		•
William Jones	25 Edward street	Wax chandler & Grocer		•
Dawson & Co.	29 Edward street	Linen drapers		•

King's Square

This Square was built in 1681 and named for Charles II. His statue was erected at its center. The Earl of St. Albans leased the land to a brewer who passed it on to Richard Frith, a brick layer. Monmouth House is on the South side. Fauconberg House and Carlisle Hose were on the East side, Viscount Preston also lived there. Sometime after 1739 it became Soho Square. The word Soho originates from a hunting cry; the land was formerly a hunting ground. No. 32 was the residence of botanist Sir Joseph Banks, who gave breakfasts at which he would show his collections from his voyages with Captain Cook. By the 1770's many ambassadors lived in this square.

SoHo Square Addresses

Panton Square

Queen Square

Built 1708-1720 and named after Queen Anne. Dr. Charles Burney and Fanny lived there 1771-2. Hampstead and Highgate could be seen through the open North side at that time. The Burney's entertained Cook here when he returned to London from his 2nd voyage. The Garden has a statue of Queen Charlotte that was placed there in 1775. Dr Willis lived there. Early in his illness King George III stayed with Dr. Willis. The square was a fashionable area until 1800.

Queen square, Bloomsbury

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Name	Number	Trade	Description	Year
John Henry Warre		Merchant		•
William Moffatt	32	Merchant		•
M. Fernandes	23 New Ormond street	Broker		•

Red Lion Square

Located South of Theobald Road and named after the inn at Holburn this Square was laid out in 1684 by Nicholas Barbon on a 17 acre paddock. It was the London residence of the famous Mr. Harrison while he was constructing his clock.

Redlion Square, Holburn

Name	Number	Trade	Description	Year
William Webb	4	Merchant		•
George Wye & Co.	5	Merchants	or Tom's Coffee house	•
Walford & Good	28	Surgeons		•
Rob. Grant	31	Merchant		•
J. Scott	40 Gloucester street	Clock & Watchmaker		•
Lewis & Morgan	33 & 34 Theobald's row	Attorny's		•

Russell Square

Built on grounds of Bedford House. Repton laid it out in 1800. James Burton built several homes there. It was immediately favored by Lawyers. Thomas Lawrence had a studio at 67 from 1805-1830. He painted portraits of many of the prominent allies after Waterloo.

St. James Square

Development began in 1675 and was carried out by Jermyn, the Earl of St. Albans, and Clarges. The Square is bordered by St James St, Haymarket, King Charles II St, and Jermyn St.. Sir John Denham, the surveyor General probably designed the brick homes with stone dressings. It housed several foreign Embassies. Number 21 housed Arrabella Churchill and Catharine Sedley in turn when they were James II's mistresses. Between 1791-95 No. 21 was rebuilt by the 5th Duke of Leeds. In 1829 the Bishops of Winchester took the house, 46 years later it was sold and a distillery was built on the lot.
Edmund Boehm, a rich merchant, was giving a ball at No. 16 one evening in 1815. The Boehms were no doubt delighted to have the Prince Regent as a guest. Major Henry Percy arrived at the door in a uniform still bloody from the Battle of Waterloo. When brought before the Prince Regent he laid the French Eagles at the Prince's Feet announcing the Victory of Waterloo. Mrs. Boehm was upset at the interruption of her party, but the Prince, who loved public spectacle, was delighted. After asking the ladies to leave the room, he had Lord Liverpool read the dispatch aloud. The Regent promoted the messenger Percy to Colonel on the spot.
In 1820 Queen Caroline rented no. 17 while she was testifying at parliament.

St. James Square Addresses

Trafalgar

This square was laid out between 1829 to 1841 to commemorate Nelson's victory at the Battle of Trafalgar. The square gave a name to the Trafalgar balcony because many homes in this area had iron balconies. The square is dominated by a large column surrounded by bronze lions, and topped with a 17 foot high statue of Nelson. The Church of St. Martin's in the Fields and the National Gallery are located in this square.

Wellclose

Laid out at the end of the 17th century. It was the home to many sea captains.

• from 1794 Kent's directory

from http://www.dublincivictrust.ie/events.php

Maximising the city's Georgian heritage 

Friday 13th September 2013

BOOKING NOW OPEN

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Dublin Civic Trust is delighted to announce a major one-day conference assessing the role and significance, past, present and future, of the historic squares of Dublin. 

Placing a special emphasis on the north Georgian area of the city in collaboration with The Mountjoy Square Society, this major one-day symposium will be hosted in the magnificent environment of the former ballroom of the Assembly Rooms of the Rotunda Hospital on Parnell Square, once the focus of social life in eighteenth-century Dublin.  

BOOK ONLINE NOWFollow the link to reserve your place today > > > 

View the programme below or download here

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Conference Theme

DUBLIN’S five major historic squares are emblematic of the city’s internationally renowned eighteenth-century heritage, synonymous with Enlightenment principles of urban planning, ordered street architecture and classically inspired park and garden design. The square has ancient roots in Greek and Roman civilisations, and later in the Renaissance civic planning of continental Europe, however it is the local, vernacular interpretation of the urban square in the Dublin context, and the social and economic dynamics that forged it, that lend these surviving built and natural landscapes a unique interest in the modern world.       

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Speakers and Topics

This major conference will feature a host of expert national and international speakers highlighting the architectural, cultural, social and economic significance of the five major historic squares of Dublin and their hinterlands. It will showcase their historic evolution through estate planning and management, building speculation and development, public landscape design, and the various international influences that helped shape the now familiar landscape of the city.

It is also recognised that the role of the squares in Dublin is much greater than as an isolated cultural asset, as they also serve as a key social and economic resource for the city at a time of growing environmental awareness and international competition between major urban centres. Much discussion and academic research in recent decades has rightly centred on the historic evolution of the squares, but much less so on their modern-day role as hubs of living, working, leisure and community life.

For the first time in a public forum, this conference aims to stimulate public discussion about the conservation of the built and natural environments of Dublin’s squares through exploring new uses for buildings, reinventing the public realm and promoting new perspectives on the role and design of their public gardens and parks.

It also seeks to explore how the economic and social vitality of the city can be enhanced through changing perceptions about the squares and their attendant streets, reshaping predominately commercial uses on the south side and widespread inadequate residential standards on the north side, into world-class community and commercial centres that innovatively embrace this unique heritage asset. 

Left: Mountyjoy Square Park

Conference speakers will assess international best practice of managing streetscape, presenting historic planted landscapes, and financing building and landscape conservation through public and private funding and incentivisation. Please find programme details below.

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Location

The conference takes place in the magnificent surroundings of the Pillar Room, the ballroom of the former Assembly Rooms of the Rotunda Hospital on Dublin's Parnell Square. Begun in 1784 to the designs of architect Richard Johnston, the New Assembly Rooms is one of the forgotten civic complexes of Georgian Dublin - a largely intact, architecturally significant series of public entertaining rooms that originally addressed the Rotunda Pleasure Gardens.

The rooms complemented the earlier round room or Rotunda erected by John Ensor in 1764, but shared a similar purpose of raising revenue for the hospital, playing host to balls, musical events and fashionable society gatherings. The New Assembly Rooms featured a ballroom to the ground floor opening onto the gardens (The Pillar Room), a grand supper room on the first floor (now the auditorium of The Gate Theatre), and a Tea Room at ground floor level (part of which has been subsumed into the entrance of The Gate).

Our choice of location reflects the need to refocus public policy towards the latent resources of the city, in this case the unique heritage asset of Parnell Square with its combination of former public buildings, pleasure grounds and spectacular collection of mid-Georgian town houses. We hope the conference and its venue will reshape perceptions about the value of the North Georgian Core of Dublin and showcase its potential to the wider public.

Left: Stuccowork of The Pillar Room

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Details

The conference day includes lunch mid-way through the programme, and tea, coffee and light refreshments in the morning and afternoon.  

Access to The Pillar Room is gained via the blue pedestrian gate on Parnell Square East, located immediately adjacent to the new extension to The Gate Theatre. Please note there is no parking available on-site and we encourage all attendees to use public transport where possible. The nearest multi-storey car parks are located a five-minute walk away on Parnell Street and Q Park on Marlborough Street.

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How to Book

To book a place on the conference, please follow the booking link below. Two ticket types are available:

ADMIT ONE - €65: This is the standard admission ticket to the conference.

ADMIT ONE PLUS CPD CERTIFICATE - €80: This ticket provides admission plus a Continuous Professional Development (CPD) certificate of attendance at the event, of relevance to professionals including architects, surveyors, planners, engineers and other relevant disciplines. The event will amount to 6 structured CPD points. Please note that due to administrative costs, CPD certificates will not be issued to attendees who opt for the standard admission option.

 BOOK ONLINE NOW

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PROGRAMME Session Chairs Elizabeth Morgan, Landscape Conservation Architect, Office of Public Works Ciarán O’Connor. State Architect, Office of Public Works Ali Grehan, City Architect, Dublin City Council Aidan Pender, Director of Strategic Development, Fáilte Ireland 08.30 - 09.10       Registration 09.10                     Doors close (sharp) 09.10                     Welcome & Introduction                                Geraldine Walsh, Chief Executive Officer, Dublin Civic Trust 09.20                     Opening Address                                 Phil Hogan T.D., Minister for Environment, Community & Local Government 09.30                     Changing the Rules: The Social Construction of the European City Square, 1500 - 1900                                Dr. Desmond McCabe, Historian & Author 10.00                     Grand Ambitions - Development of the Gardiner Estate                                 Merlo Kelly, Architect & Conservation Consultant 10.25                     The Square in the Town Plan                                  Dr. Todd Longstaffe-Gowan, Landscape Architect & Historian 10.50                     Discussion 11.00                     Tea/Coffee Break 11.30                     The Design and Redesign of Urban Squares – A Scottish Perspective                                Christopher Dingwall, Landscape Historian & Heritage Consultant, Scotland 11.55                     Dublin’s Forgotten Pleasure Grounds - Parnell Square                                 James Kelly, Conservation Architect & Chairman, Dublin Civic Trust 12.15                     Squaring the Vista - Depicting the Lungs of the City                                 Adrian Le Harivel, Curator of British Art, National Gallery of Ireland 12.40                     Discussion 12.50                     Lunch 13.50                     An Outsider’s Perspective - Appraising Dublin’s Squares                                 Chris Sumner, Chair of Planning & Conservation, London Parks & Gardens Trust 14.10                     Challenges and Opportunities - The Squares as an Urban Resource                                 Nicki Matthews, Conservation Officer & Conservation Architect, Dublin City Council 14.30                     Maximising the North Georgian Core                                  Karin O’Flanagan, Mountjoy Square Society and Resident 14.50                     The Future of the South Georgian Core                                  Paul Kearns, Senior Planner, Dublin City Council 15.10                     Strategic Policy in Urban Landscaping                                  Leslie Moore, City Parks Superintendent, Dublin City Council 15.30                     Discussion 15.40                     Tea/Coffee Break 16.00                      Financing Regeneration - The Economic Case for Renewal                                  Garrett Fennell, Mountjoy Square Society                    16.20                      The Campaign for London's Squares - A Tale of Two Funders                                  Drew Bennelick, Head of Landscape & Natural Heritage, Heritage Lottery Fund 16.40                      The Lanes and Approaching Streets of Mountjoy Square: A Contemporary View                                  Mary Laheen, Architect and Lecturer, School of Architecture and Landscape, UCD 17.00                      Debate & Discussion                                  Chaired by Aidan Pender, Director of Strategic Development, Fáilte Ireland 17.15                      Concluding Address                                   Honorary Speaker - to be confirmed  Download Programme