Tuesday, 29 January 2013

The London Underground (Tube-) Map has become emblematic of London. But there are alternatives

The Tube map has helped define London - particularly to the many new migrants... But it is only one way of seeing. look a bit deeper and the perspective on London Landscape changes (see list of maps below)

Jonathan Fisher's tube map http://www.massingbird.com/
Reprinted from http://londonist.com/2013/01/alternative-tube-maps-circles-within-circles.php...
It’s often said that, elegant though the Tube map is, it’s getting increasingly cluttered as more lines and stations are added. Crossrail, the extension of the Northern Line, and the reintroduction of Thameslink will one day make matters even worse. So various attempts have been made to redesign the geometry (not least, our own stab at a 3-D version). This reworked map from Jonathan Fisher is the latest example. Like earlier efforts by Francisco Dans and Maxwell Roberts, Jonathan has dispensed with Harry Beck’s original angles, introducing curves and circles into the diagram.
Jonathan tells us about his inspiration and methodology:
The idea was to create a map that made clear the new orbital route created by the Overground connection from Surrey Quays to Clapham Junction — to make these stations and the line itself feel simple and like a part of central London rather than a tangled complicated suburban line.
I liked the very simple  idea of an inner circle line and an outer circle oribital line, and making these two circles have a simple relationship to one another, and I also liked the idea of making the centre of the circles the centre of London. The Moscow subway map starts from a similar principle and I like that level of clarity.
I started with this simple diagram of a small circle inside a large circle with the centre of London in the centre and then tried to make the rest of the map work around this. It admittedly creates some geographic  peculiarities but I don’t mind this, its only a diagram, and primarily I was trying to create a beautiful clear diagram, not a geographically true one. What I always find strange about the current tube map is that it makes a half hearted effort at geographical accuracy but it actually isn’t true at all, its very misleading. Visitors to London believe that it’s nearly true, but its not. I like the way this map doesn’t pretend it has any geographical honesty, it is purely diagrammatic.
Also, I liked the way that by removing the Thames, and making London feel contained by a clear circle (the Overground), there is no distinction between north of the river and south of the river. London feels whole.
Ultimately, it would be nice to see more concentric circles in the diagram (i.e. more around London routes). These would make travelling to the centre of London less important and (hopefully) strengthen suburban identities.
The map certainly looks impressive and attractive, and includes the Thameslink route currently absent from the standard Tube map. Like all similar efforts, though, it does have its downsides. Chief among them is the dense central section, which would be difficult to read on a pocket-sized Tube leaflet. The elongated line interchanges — most notably at Bank and King’s Cross — might also jar with some people.

Other alternative "Tube" maps



Friday, 25 January 2013

the Medusa Oak: Icon of Medieval Sherwood Forest and Veteran Trees of Epping Forest

Reposted from the excellent....
Archaeology and History of Medieval Sherwood Forest: the Medusa Oak: Icon of Medieval Sherwood Forest:
Picture: Medusa Oak in Birklands Wood, Sherwood Forest national Nature Reserve.



Named 'Medusa' by the Rangers at the Sherwood Forest National Nature Reserve... 

This beautiful ancient oak has survived an attempt to fell her in the not too distant past- and has sprung back to life with serpent-like branches reclaiming her former crown. She sits proud; shrouded in a skirt of moss and lichen surrounded by young oak saplings and slender Silver Birch...

Due north of the Major Oak, Medusa sits at the norteast boundary of Birklands wood (A crown wood in the heart of Medieval Sherwood Forest). A number of Medieval perambulations of the wood mention a boundary 'mere point' or marker known as 'Musmere' ( the mossy boundary mark)... one perambulation goes further and mentions 'A bound called Musmere Oake'. This location is at the northeast of Birklands wood... 

Could this moss and lichen covered oak tree with its reborn crown of serpents be the Musmere Oak of Medieval tradition??

Veteran Trees of Epping Forest -- From http://www.favouritetrees.org/advancedsearch/results.cfm?search_string=tree_records.tree_status_id=7 
...though not quite as old as the Medusa Oak, do however go deep into the 17th century... Theyv are a fantastic resource for study and to inspire and ponder


Page Number:  1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12  ... | Last  Next »

Click on the thumbnails to see a larger view and tree information


Pedunculate Oak
Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding
more of this tree

Native Black Poplar (Water)
Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding
more of this tree

Native Black Poplar (Water)
Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding

Pedunculate Oak
Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding
more of this tree

Pedunculate Oak
Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding
more of this tree

Common Ash
Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding

Pedunculate Oak
Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding

Pedunculate Oak
Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding

Pedunculate Oak
Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding
more of this tree

Pedunculate Oak
Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding

Pedunculate Oak
Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding

Pedunculate Oak
Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners Roding

Les Miserables. The barricades of Paris and London

Les Misérables PosterFile:Ebcosette.jpg
With the film of the stage Musical of Victor Hugo's Les Misérables -- the story and the geography of insurrectionary barricades have undergone repeated transformations.... 


Scenes of revolutionary barricades were actually shot in the far-from revolutionary surroundings of the Old Royal Naval College at Greenwich in London - the site of a secret nuclear reactor in the 70s and 80s - formerly a "Hospital" for elderly retired naval staff





original photo click on http://www.panoramio.com/photo/70798170
The stand-in for revolutionary Paris was actually the Old Royal Naval College - before then Hospital- at Greenwich, now Greenwich University

View Larger Map

A barricade of the Paris Commune,
on the rue des Amandiers, 1871. 

Compare with the genuine article, a barricade of the Paris Commune,
on the rue des Amandiers, 1871. The air of determination and the seriousness of the business is evident










View Larger Map




Cumulative plan of barricades, after Philippe, S. (1989). Les Barricades. Architectural Review, 186 (1110, August), 84-86.
The sites of insurrectionary barricades were almost traditional as the memory of each revolutionary episode was not lost in Paris before the next was to be erected
Famously Baron Hausmann's design for boulevards was partly to divide communities as well as to allow army access to the heart of Paris to intervene










A more recent example of the continuity of the sites of barricades -- and human shields was that of the Battle of Cable Street in 1936 (where Fascists were prevented from marching in the east End of London) and the locations where the racist EDL were also prevented from demonstrating in Tower Hamlets in September 2011. On both occasions the slogan adopted by the locals (Jews, Irish Catholics and Bangladeshi Muslims alike) was "¡No pasarán!"  They shall not pass (from the Spanish Civil War)

View Cable Street 75 in a larger map


Tuesday, 22 January 2013

The reason for London

The reason why London exists, why it is here and not there, and what it is, rarely comes to the mind of the millions of  Londoners, still less into the mind of policy chiefs, planners and politicians. Essentially, it is historical. London grew from the lowest point downstream that Romans could build a bridge  across the Thames - a difficult task since it involved not just the bridge over the river but also a causeway and smaller bridges crossing islands in a periodically flooded floodplain along the line of the Borough, in Southwark. It also coincides with the then highest point upstream that Roman boats could use the tide to bring goods upstream. The line of the North - South crossing can still be seen, as the Roman Road from the north followed a shallow ridge to the river, it has now sprouted enormous buildings. The deep historical structure is still a pervading influence
Click for a map of Roman London imposed on modern street map Picture below is of the road entering the City from Bishopsgate
The line of the Roman  road to Lincoln and York - Ermine Street - as it enters the walled city (marked by tall buildings today) and heads towards the river crossing to Southwark (Shard, under construction, now finished)


Map showing direction of photograph photo by Howard Kingsnorth (website)   http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/picture/2011/jan/28/london#zoomed-picture http://www.howardkingsnorth.com/urban.html

Monday, 21 January 2013

European funding for transnational research projects in Cultural Heritage (incl. Landscapes)


From http://www.jpi-culturalheritage.eu/jhep-joint-pilot-call/

JHEP Coordination action in support of the implementation of a Joint Programming Initiative (JPI) on Cultural Heritage and Global Change : a new challenge for Europe 

JPI-JHEP Joint Pilot Call

 

JPI Cultural Heritage – JHEP Opens the Joint Pilot Transnational Call for Proposals: Funding of Research Projects in Cultural Heritage

The First Transnational JHEP Pilot Call for Proposals is open today 10 January 2013. Deadline for submission will be April 5, 2013.

1. Topic of the Call

The research topics on which this JPICH-JHEP Joint Call is focused are:
  1. Methods, tools (including non-invasive instruments) and modelling for understanding damage and decay mechanisms (including the effects of weathering and climate change) on tangible heritage (including buildings, sites and landscapes);
  2. Materials, technologies and procedures for the conservation of tangible cultural heritage;
  3. Use and re-use of buildings and landscapes, including the relationship between changes of use and public policy, including costs and added value (for example as a result of planning regulations and urban development);
  4. Increasing understanding of cultural values, valuation, interpretation, ethics and identity around all forms of cultural heritage (tangible, intangible and digital heritage).

2. Expected projects

Funding possibilities will be offered to excellent and innovative networking and / or collaborative research projects.
The project must have a maximum duration of 36 months.
The overall budget of the call is about 3 million Euros.

3. Application Procedure

Consortia consisting of at least 3 research groups, each based in an eligible institution from different country participating in this call (see the list below).
Applicants need to take into account the respective national eligibility criteria and funding conditions (see Guidelines for Applicants on www.jpi-culturalheritage.eu).
All consortium partners must prove sufficient financial stability to conduct the project properly.
The project coordinator has to make sure that all consortium partners provide the necessary information as requested from the agencies/ministries (see Guidelines for Applicants) to ensure the eligibility of the project.
The deadline for submitting the project proposals is April 5, 2013. The applicants will be informed about the funding decision by August 2013.

4. Eligibility and Evaluation

Eligible proposals according to the JPICH/JHEP Joint Call criteria, will be forwarded to the relevant national funding institutions for national eligibility checks based on the eligibility criteria of the relevant national funding programmes.
All eligible proposals will be peer reviewed by experts prior to the final assessment and ranking by the Scientific Committee.
The evaluation criteria fall into following equally important categories:
  1. Scientific and technical content;
  2. Trans-national added value;
  3. Consortium and Project Management;
  4. Work plan;
  5. Resources;
  6. Impact;
  7. Exploitation of results.

5. Forms, Guidelines and further information

As each country / region participating in the JPICH/JHEP Joint Call may have additional national requirements it is strongly recommended to contact their national contact persons before submission for further information.

6. Contact persons of participating countries and regions

Country Organization Contact person Contact data (Mail and phone)
Belgium
Belgian Federal Science Policy (BELSPO) Maaike Vancauwenberghe vcau@belspo.be
T +32 2 238 36 78
Belgium
Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO) Olivier Boehme olivier.boehme@fwo.be
T. +32 2 550 15 45
Cyprus
Research Promotion Foundation (RPF) Eleana Gabriel egabriel@research.org.cy
T. +35722205046
Denmark
Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation Mette Bjerge mbj@fi.dk
T.(+45) 7231 8302
France
Ministère de la culture et de la communication (MCC)
SG/SCPCI/ Département de la recherche, de l’enseignement supérieur et de la technologie (DREST)
Astrid Brandt-Grau
Sylvie Max-Colinart
astrid.brandt-grau@culture.gouv.fr
T. +33 (0)1 40 15 80 45
sylvie.max-colinart@culture.gouv.fr
T. +33 (0)1  40 15 83 02
Ireland
Heritage Council (HCI) Eimear O’Connell eoconnell@heritagecouncil.ie
T. +353 56 7770777
Italy
Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (MIUR).
Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali (MiBAC).
Patrizia Bianconi patrizia.bianconi-01@beniculturali.it
T. + 39 3486060558
Lithuania
Research Council of Lithuania (RCL) Kornelija Janavičiūtė kornelija.janaviciute@lmt.lt
T.+370 5 210 7396
The Netherlands
NWO Humanities Department
Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research
Brigit van der Pas b.vanderpas@nwo.nl
T. +31 70 3440567
Norway
Research Council of Norway (RCN) Eli Ragna Tærum
Nils Marstein
et@rcn.no
T:+4722037283/+4795898412
nils.marstein@ra.no
T. +47 98202828
Poland
Narodowe Centrum Nauki (NCN) Anna Plater-Zyberk Anna.plater@ncn.gov.pl
T. + 48 12 341 90 28
Slovenia
Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sport / MESCS Tatjana Švajger M.Sc.
Marija Brus M.A.
tatjana.svajger@gov.si
T. +386 1 478 46 81
marija.brus@gov.si
T. 01 369-59-17
Spain
Ministerio de Economía  y Competitividad (MINECO) Aníbal González Pérez anibal.gonzalez@mineco.es
+34 91 603 87 49
United Kingdom
Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) Gail Lambourne g.lambourne@ahrc.ac.uk
T. +44 1793 41 6082


Submit your project proposal


Call Documents

Guidelines for Applicants
Template Application Form for Project Proposal (PP)


The First Transnational JPI-JHEP Pilot Call for Proposals is open today 10 January 2013. Deadline for submission will be April 5, 2013.
 

3rd Meeting of the Council of Europe Conference on the European Landscape Convention Glossary and Information System L6 (Paris, France)


http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/Calendar2013_en.asp

European Landscape Convention
  3rd Meeting of the Council of Europe Conference on the European Landscape Convention Glossary and Information System L6 (Paris, France) 
21-22 January 2013

 The 3rd Meeting of the Council of Europe Conference on the European Landscape Convention Glossary and Information System L6 is taking place in Paris. The Catalonian Landscape Observatory are active participants.... It is to be hoped their meeting is fruitful and increased public participation in European Landscape policy results.

Thursday, 17 January 2013

Two trees, The Parliament Oak in Sherwood Forest and the Gernikako Arbola sum up the European historical significance of trees as foci for meeting places. parliaments, for good and ill, met here

Parliament Oak, Sherwood Forest
Trees - significant trees - have played a historic role as the focal point of meeting places. Since these meetings include national "democratic" structures they also  play a role in national consciousness.

This can be in a disparaging way. The traditional association with King John (scourge of Robin Hood). may not have enhanced Sherwood Forest's Parliament Oak to the local population.



Parliament Oak 1962,
 via
https://www.facebook.com/eddie.stalkperch?fref=ufi
Summer 2014 via https://www.facebook.com/ArchaeologyHistoryKingsClipstone

...the Parliament Oak, deserves to be as famous as the Major Oak. At about 1200 years old it is probably the oldest tree in the Forest and has its own place in the history and folklore of Sherwood Forest.

The Parliament Oak was part of the original boundary of Clipstone Royal Hunting Park, which was enclosed by a pale (fence) over 7miles long in 1180.

The tree marked the Hell Dale gate into the Park. Many large oak trees were included in the pale, with the fence stretching from one large oak to the next one — some of these oaks still survive to this day. In its current form the two trunks sit either side of this ancient boundary but the original trunk of the tree was on the boundary and actually formed part of the pale. The hunting Park survived until about 1830 (650years).
The name of this tree, with which it has been adorned for centuries, provides some insight into its place in the history of Sherwood Forest. There are three historic stories which provide some explanation as to how the tree was named the ‘Parliament Oak’.
The first relates to King John hastily calling Council with his Lords under the branches of the oak in 1212. It is said that whilst hunting in the Park he was so infuriated at hearing of a Welsh revolt he decided to hang the 28 Welsh boys that were held hostage in Nottingham Castle.

Further reference to King John in relation to this ancient tree was reported in the Manor of Warsop Perambulation Document of 1816,

“we proceeded thence in a direction nearly due West of Clipston Park Pales passing on the Northern side of a very ancient oak standing in these Pales call’d Parliament Oak.

Under the branches of which tradition says the Ancient Barons met and brought King John to those terms which laid the Foundation of the Great Charter of our Liberties called the “Magna Charta” which history informs us was afterwards signed at Runnymeade”

Another account links this oak with Edward I who was said to have called Parliament to meet at King’s Clipstone when on his way to Scotland in 1290. The Parliament was a huge undertaking, altogether 251 pleas with petitions were presented to the King. The Parliament took place on St Michael’s Day although there is little to suggest that any ceremonial assembly took place beneath it’s branches.

Whether or not these stories were true the Parliament Oak certainly has importance. It survived the English Civil Wars and Commonwealth (1642 to 1661) when many of the ancient oaks in the park were felled to supply wood for the Navy and the two iron forges in the village

For more information, go to 
Whereas the traditional association with King John may not have enhanced The Parliament Oak's status, you can't get much higher in popular regard than the Gernikako Arbola
Gernikako Arbola - the trunk of the "Old Tree"

 Wikkipedia Says....  In the middle ages, representatives of the villages of Biscay would hold assemblies under local big trees. As time passed, the role of separate assemblies was superseded by the Guernica assembly in 1512, and its oak would acquire a symbolic meaning, with actual assemblies being held in a purpose-built hermitage-house (the current building is from 1833).


The known specimens form a dynasty:

  • "the father", planted in the 14th century, lasted 450 years
  • the "old tree" (1742–1892), re-planted in 1811. The trunk now is held in a templet in the surrounding garden.
  • the third (1858–2004), re-planted in 1860, survived the bombing of Guernica in 1937 but had to be replaced because of a fungus. The gardeners of the Biscayan government keep several spare trees grown from the tree's acorns.
  • the current one (from 1986) was replanted on the site of its father on 25 February 2005.

The tree's significance is illustrated by an event which occurred shortly after the Guernica bombings. When the Francoist troops took the town, the Tercio of  Begoña, formed by Carlist volunteers from Biscay, put an armed guard around the tree to protect it against theFalangists, who had wanted to fell this symbol of Basque nationalism.

An oak tree is depicted on the heraldic arms of Biscay and subsequently on the arms of many of the towns of Biscay. An oak leaf logo is being used by the local government of Biscay. The logo of the Basque nationalist party Eusko Alkartasuna has one half red and the other green, the colors of the Basque flag. An old version of the logo of the nationalist youth organisation Jarrai also display oak leaves.

The Basque authorities present descendants of the tree as a symbol of friendship to Basque diaspora groups and related cities.

It features in an Basque Anthem 
The Current Gernikako Arbola


Its national authority is acknowledged in Wordsworth's Poem 
OAK of Guernica! Tree of holier power
Than that which in Dodona did enshrine
(So faith too fondly deemed) a voice divine
Heard from the depths of its aerial bower--
How canst thou flourish at this blighting hour?
What hope, what joy can sunshine bring to thee,
Or the soft breezes from the Atlantic sea,
The dews of morn, or April's tender shower?
Stroke merciful and welcome would that be
Which should extend thy branches on the ground,
If never more within their shady round
Those lofty-minded Lawgivers shall meet,
Peasant and lord, in their appointed seat,
Guardians of Biscay's ancient liberty.
 


AND FINALLY........

A boundary tree in London. If there is one, there are probably others.... ...and if there are boundary trees, are there not also meeting trees????

At a bend in the River Brent where it forms  the boundary that  separates Hanwell London W7 from Southall, Middlesex stands this  ancient  oak tree estimated to be over 900 years old---frequently  battered about in storms and floods its been struck by lightning several times and lost branches yet  still every spring its bright green oak leaves create  a marvellous canopy ---here it is as it was today in late Winter …..
















At a bend in the River Brent where it forms the boundary that separates Hanwell London W7 from Southall, Middlesex stands this ancient oak tree estimated to be over 900 years old---frequently battered about in storms and floods its been struck by lightning several times and lost branches yet still every spring its bright green oak leaves create a marvellous canopy ---here it is as it was  in late Winter …..

· 

Sprawl could kill off 34million acres of American Forest by 2060 - what of the green Belt in UK, and London!

From
http://www.theatlanticcities.com/neighborhoods/2013/01/sprawl-will-kill-34-million-acres-american-forest-2060/4339/


Sprawl Could Kill Off 34 Million Acres of American Forest by 2060


Sprawl Could Kill Off 34 Million Acres of American Forest by 2060


Scientists at the U.S. Forest Service and partners at universities, non-profits and other agencies predict that urban and developed land areas in the US will increase 41 percent by 2060. Forested areas will be most impacted by this expansion, with losses ranging from 16 to 34 million acres in the lower 48 states. The agency highlighted the results of a new study in a press releaseissued last month.
The researchers also concluded that, over the long-term, climate change could have significant effects on water availability, making America potentially more vulnerable to water shortages, especially in the Southwest and Great Plains. Population growth in more arid regions will require more drinking water. Recent trends in agricultural irrigation and land­scaping techniques also will boost water demands.
The assessment’s projections respond to a set of scenarios with varying assumptions about domestic population and economic growth, global population and economic growth, global wood energy consumption and U..S land use change from 2010 to 2060.  

Frederick County, Maryland. Photo courtesy of Kay Hagan
The study is part of an assessment mandated under the federal Resources Planning Act. It summarizes findings about the status, trends, and projected future of forests, rangelands, wildlife and fish, biodiversity, water, outdoor recreation, wilderness, and urban forests, as well as the effects of climate change upon these resources. Key themes from the findings include these:
  1. Land development will continue to threaten the integrity of natural ecosystems;
  2. Climate change will alter natural ecosystems and affect their ability to provide goods and services;
  3. Competition for goods and services from natural ecosystems will increase;
  4. Geographic variation will require regional and local strategies to address resource management issues.
In 2010, a study by the American Farmland Trust found that 41 million acres of rural land had been permanently lost in the preceding 25 years to highways, shopping malls, and other development. The rate of recent farmland loss at the time of AFT’s report was an astounding acre per minute.

Sprawl in New Jersey. Photo by Rebecca Wilson/Flickr
As troubling as the trends and forecasts are for forests and farms lost to development, it does not have to be this way. We need to stop the madness. Market preferences are now trending in favor of closer-in, more walkable living. Let’s build future development that responds, conserving the landscape in the process.
In particular, we need to get more serious about revitalizing the disinvested areas of our cities so that they can absorb growth that would otherwise take the form of sprawl. We need to use land more efficiently in our suburbsAs Lee Epstein and I have written, smart growth advocates need to return to our conservation roots and work more diligently to conserve land outside of current development footprints. And, for their part, high-minded urbanist planners must eschew leapfrog development; giving sprawl a more orderly design or calling it a “new town” does not make it environmentally benign. Sprawl is sprawl.
Thanks to my colleague Larry Levine for pointing me to this study.
Top image: Lacinda/Flickr
This post originally appeared on the NRDC's Switchboard blog.

Kaid Benfield is the director of the Sustainable Communities and Smart Growth program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, co-founder of the LEED for Neighborhood Development rating system, and co-founder of Smart Growth America. He writes (almost) daily about community, development, and the environment.  For more posts, see his blog's home pageAll posts »


Planning policy has a profound influence on our landscape. Planning restrictions were relaxed in the 1930s - a response to the Depression. The result was an explosion of suburbs and bungalows across green fields -- so much so that the loss of large areas of Arden mourned by Tolkein, its swansong was the description of The Shire in the Hobbit. As seen in this area around Sarehole Mill where Tolkein stayed


View Larger Map 
...and Selly Oak to the West

The Green Belt was an idea to counteract this growth -  first proposed by the Greater London Regional Planning Committee in 1935. It was adopted by the Town and Country Planning Act of 1947 - which allowed local authorities to impose this restriction in their Development Plans. Powerful House builders have their eyes fixed on removing some of these restrictions, hence a "simplified" National Planning Policy Framework  which supersedes all previous planning policy advice. However, the lawyers suggest it may be stymied by introducing clouds of uncertainty, leading to greater delay than the previous rule-led process.

The battle to defend forest against urban sprawl and the peripheral effects of urban growth is not strange to Londoners. A central place in the public demand that created the green belt was the battle for Epping Forest.
From http://www.hillsamenitysociety.co.uk/detail/efbattle.htm

The history of the massive legal battle preventing the destruction of Epping Forest.by Matthew Geyman
The Destruction of the forest to the East of the River RodingDuring 1851 the 'Office of Woods and Forests', endorsed by the House of Commons, recommended the complete destruction of the woodlands of Hainault to the east of the River Roding for use mainly as arable land. This was during a drive to increase the value of the Crown's land by making 'waste land' cultivatable.  Often, this land was no longer required due to the decline in venison hunting by royalty.  Within six weeks, a period of time short enough to prevent effective public protest, steam ploughs anchored in the rich earth had ripped out the roots of the entire forest, including the famous ancient 'Fairlop Oak'. Today, Hainault & Chigwell Forest is only about 800 acres and was opened to the public in 1905. The area is comprised of previously private woods and some replanted forest at 'Fox-burrows Farm' by the London County Council in the earlier part of the 1900's.
Epping Forest Under ThreatOnce a Royal Forest, used by since the Normans as hunting ground ("the Kings right of vert and venison"), the 'Forest of Essex', latterly 'Waltham Forest' and now 'Epping Forest' narrowly missed the fate befallen by so many beautiful woodlands in the squeeze of population, indstry and nature. Epping Forest's manorial, sporting and soil rights were not owned by the Crown as Hainault had been, although it did posses forestal rights. However, Commissioners for the Crown offered the forestal rights for sale at £5 an acre which effectively gave 18 local lords of manors the right to 'enclose' areas of the forest for their private usage. By 1870, half of the forest's 6000 acres were surrounded by fences and development had begun in many parts.
Eventually, public opinion was aroused and the feeling that open spaces should be protected began to prevail. Beginning in 1863, a legal contest was brought by bodies such as 'The Commons Preservation Society', founded to protect open spaces, successfully managed to pursuade the The House of Commons that Epping Forest was being rapidly destroyed. The Commons recommended that the Crown's forestal rights should be enforced, if not sold already.  In 1865, another committee argued that, despite the extensive enclosures, commoners' rights still existed on those forest lands and that the enclosures prejudiced them.
Local Resistance
The enclosures were widely despised and the first of many recorded acts of resistance in this time was in 1866 by a labourer named Thomas Willingale.  Willingale asserted his right to continue lopping trees, as had his ancestors, in Loughton Manor; despite a ring fence erected by the local lord preventing it. Willingale was convicted of theft, but The Commons Preservation Society supported his case and the publicity generated from legal actions in support of the practice further generated public interest.  Willingale died before the case was concluded.

It was not an easy battle, however, as the lords of the manor were confident of their right to enclosure. A Bill introduced in parliament would have given the public access to only 600 acres with an option to 400 more, leaving the remaining 5000 acres in absolute control of the manorial owners. It was only through the strong resolve of the Society that this compromise was not accepted and the Bill was dropped. A Royal Commission was appointed to establish the rights of the forest and terms for it's future keeping.
The 'Forest Fund Committee' gained support of the Corporation of London, which owned 200 acres of land which included Wanstead cemetary.  This ownership gave them commoner status and rights, meaning that they were able to take up the public's cause in the courts. Arguments on both sides raged and in 1871 a law suit that had taken three years to prepare was brought against the lords of the manors. The Corporation argued that the forest was without boundaries ('intercommonage' allowing grazing rights in all parts of the forest) and the lords argued that each manor was separate and therefore if commoners local to each manor could be 'satisfied', the right to enclose was inherent and this had no bearing on rights in other manors.
The Forest Saved
In November 1874, the Master of the Rolls upheld the Corporation of London's action in a judgement which was thorough enough to be beyond dispute. The rights were judged to be of such antiquity that even if the majority of commoners agreed to relinquish their rights, a single opposing view would veto the decision. The enclosures were proved illegal, no appeal was brought and the forest was secured for the public. In 1878 the 'Epping Forest Act' was passed and the Corporation were appointed as Conservators of the 5542 acre forest. Ownership of the deer was granted to them and the commoners rights were preserved. Compensation was given to the lords of the manors and where property had been built, an agreed curtailage was allowed to be retained at a price.

Queen Victoria visited in May 1882 and, at a massive event at High Beech, formally declared the 'People's Forest' open. Massive crowds visited in the summer, mainly from the East End of London.  In the following years, as many as 100,000 people used Chingford Station in a single day in an attempt to reach London's oasis of tranquility (by now with funfairs, large refreshment 'Retreats' and
Today
Commoner's rights still prevail, however the death knoll was effectively sounded for cattle grazing in the forest when new restrictions regarding the age that they could be taken to market was enforced after the recent BSE scares.